Closest Approach | Racquel Sanderson

Category Archives: Closest Approach

June 4, 2025 · 5:30 am

Closest Approach (Shortest Distance) e-activity (Casio Classpad)

At 1pm, object $H$ travelling with constant velocity $\begin{pmatrix}200\\10\end{pmatrix}$ km/h is sighted at the point with position vector $\begin{pmatrix}-90\\-100\end{pmatrix}$ km. At 2pm object $J$ travelling with constant velocity $\begin{pmatrix}100\\-100\end{pmatrix}$ km/h is sighted at the point with position vector $\begin{pmatrix}20\\-120\end{pmatrix}$ km. Determine the minimum distance between $H$ and $J$ and when this occurs.

OT Lee Mathematics Specialist Year 11 Unit 1 and 2 Exercise 10.1 Question 6.

(1) $\begin{equation*}\mathbf{r_H}=\begin{pmatrix}-90\\-100\end{pmatrix}+t\begin{pmatrix}200\\10\end{pmatrix}\end{equation*}$

(2) $\begin{equation*}\mathbf{r_J}=\begin{pmatrix}-80\\-20\end{pmatrix}+t\begin{pmatrix}100\\-100\end{pmatrix}\end{equation*}$

$\begin{pmatrix}-80\\-20\end{pmatrix}$ is the position vector of $J$ at 1pm.

Find the relative displacement of $H$ to $J$

$\begin{equation*}\mathbf{_H}\mathbf{r_J}=\mathbf{r_H}-\mathbf{r_J}\end{equation}$

$\begin{equation*}\mathbf{_H}\mathbf{r_J}=\begin{pmatrix}-90\\-100\end{pmatrix}+t\begin{pmatrix}200\\10\end{pmatrix}-(\begin{pmatrix}-80\\-20\end{pmatrix}+t\begin{pmatrix}100\\-100\end{pmatrix})\end{equation}$

$\begin{equation*}\mathbf{_H}\mathbf{r_J}=\begin{pmatrix}-10\\-80\end{pmatrix}+t\begin{pmatrix}100\\110\end{pmatrix}\end{equation}$

Find the relative velocity of $H$ to $J$

$\begin{equation*}\mathbf{_H}\mathbf{v_J}=\begin{pmatrix}100\\110\end{pmatrix}\end{equation}$

The relative displacement is perpendicular to the relative velocity at the closest approach.

That is

(3) $\begin{equation*}\mathbf{_H}\mathbf{r_J}\cdot\mathbf{_H}\mathbf{v_J}=0\end{equation*}$

$\begin{equation*}(\begin{pmatrix}-10\\-80\end{pmatrix}+t\begin{pmatrix}100\\110\end{pmatrix})\cdot(\begin{pmatrix}100\\110\end{pmatrix})=0\end{equation}$

$\begin{equation*}(-10+100t)(100)+(-80+110t)(110)=0\end{equation}$

$\begin{equation*}-1000+10 000t-8800+12100t=0\end{equation}$

$\begin{equation*}22100t=9800\end{equation}$

$\begin{equation*}t=\frac{98}{221}\end{equation}$

Substitute $t=\frac{98}{221}$ into the relative displacement and find the magnitude.

$\begin{equation*}\mathbf{_H}\mathbf{r_J}=\begin{pmatrix}-10\\-80\end{pmatrix}+\frac{98}{221}\begin{pmatrix}100\\110\end{pmatrix}\end{equation}$

$\begin{equation*}\mathbf{_H}\mathbf{r_J}=\begin{pmatrix}34\frac{76}{221}\\-31\frac{49}{221}\end{pmatrix}\end{equation}$

$\begin{equation*}\|\begin{pmatrix}34\frac{76}{221}\\-31\frac{49}{221}\end{pmatrix}\|=46.4\end{equation}$

The closest objects $H$ and $J$ get to each other is $46.4$ km at 1:27pm.

I have made an e-activity for this.

Vectors – Closest Approach (2D)

At 10am, object $M$ travelling with constant velocity $(20, 10)$ km/h is sighted at the point with position vector $(-100, 100)$ km. At 11am object $N$ travelling with constant velocity $v=(x,y)$ km/h is sighted at the point with position vector $(-20,-50)$ km respectively. Use a scalar product method to determine $v$ given that the two objects were closest together at a distance of $40$ km at 4pm.

OT Lee Mathematics Specialist Year 11

At 4pm $M$ is at the point with position vector $(-100+6\times 20, -100+6\times 10)=(20, -40)$

and $N$ is at the point with position vector $(-20+5\times x, -50+5\times y)=(-20+5x, -50+5y)$

We know the distance between $M$ and $N$ at 4pm is $40$ km.

Hence,

$\begin{equation*}40^2=(20-(-20+5x))^2+(-40-(-50+5y))^2\end{equation}$

$\begin{equation*}40^2=(40-5x)^2+(10-5y)^2\end{equation}$

$\begin{equation*}1600=25x^2-400x+1600+25y^2-100y+100\end{equation}$

(1) $\begin{equation*}0=x^2+y^2-16x-4y+4\end{equation*}$

In the diagram below, I have found the position vector of $N$ relative to $M$ $(_Nr_M)$ and the velocity of $N$ relative to $M$ $(N_v_M)$

We know that when $_Nr_M\cdot_Nv_M=0$ $M$ and $N$ are the closest distance apart.

$\begin{equation*}(-40+5x,-10+5y)\cdot(x-20,y-10)=0\end{equation}$

$\begin{equation*}(-40+5x)(x-20)+(-10+5y)(y-10)\end{equation}$

$\begin{equation*}5x^2+5y^2-140x-60y+900=0\end{equation}$

(2) $\begin{equation*}x^2+y^2-28x-12y+180=0\end{equation*}$

Two equations and two unknowns which we can solve simultaneously. Both equations are circles.

Equation $(1)$ becomes

(3) $\begin{equation*}(x-8)^2+(y-2)^2=64\end{equation*}$

and equation $(2)$ becomes

(4) $\begin{equation*}(x-14)^2+(y-6)^2=52\end{equation*}$

From equation $(3)$

$\begin{equation*}x=\sqrt{64-(y-2)^2}+8\end{equation}$

We will worry about the negative version later.

Substitute for $x$ into equation $(4)$

$\begin{equation*}(\sqrt{64-(y-2)^2}+8-14)^2+(y-6)^2=52\end{equation}$

$\begin{equation*}(\sqrt{64-(y-2)^2}-6)^2+(y-6)^2=52\end{equation}$

$\begin{equation*}64-(y-2)^2-12\sqrt{64-(y-2)^2}+36+y^2-12y+36=52\end{equation}$

$\begin{equation*}136-y^2+4y-4+y^2-12y-12\sqrt{64-(y-2)^2}=52\end{equation}$

$\begin{equation*}-12\sqrt{64-(y-2)^2}=-80+8y\end{equation}$

$\begin{equation*}\sqrt{64-(y-2)^2}=\frac{20}{3}-\frac{2}{3}y\end{equation}$

Square both sides of the equation

$\begin{equation*}64-(y-2)^2=\frac{400}{9}-\frac{80}{9}y+\frac{4}{9}y^2\end{equation}$

$\begin{equation*}60-y^2+4y=\frac{400}{9}-\frac{80}{9}y+\frac{4}{9}y^2\end{equation}$

$\begin{equation*}0=\frac{13}{9}y^2-\frac{116}{9}y-\frac{140}{9}\end{equation}$

$\begin{equation*}0=13y^2-116y-140\end{equation}$

$\begin{equation*}0=13y^2-130y+14y-140\end{equation}$

$\begin{equation*}0=13y(y-10)+14(y-10)\end{equation}$

$\begin{equation*}0=(y-10)(13y+14)\end{equation}$

(5) $\begin{equation*}\therefore y=10, y=-\frac{14}{13}\end{equation*}$

Substitute $y=10$ into $x=\sqrt{64-(y-2)^2}+8$

$\begin{equation*}x=\sqrt{64-(y-2)^2}+8\end{equation}$

(6) $\begin{equation*}x=8\end{equation*}$

Substitute $y=-\frac{14}{13}$ into $x$

$\begin{equation*}x=\sqrt{64-(-\frac{14}{13}-2)^2}+8\end{equation}$

(7) $\begin{equation*}x=\frac{200}{13}\end{equation*}$

Now we need to consider the negative version of $x$ . If you work through (like I did above) you end with the same equation for $y$ .

Hence our two values for $v$ are $v=(8,10)$ or $v=(\frac{200}{13},-\frac{14}{13})$ .

Would someone be expected to do this in an exam? I hope not, but I think its worth doing.

Category Archives: Closest Approach

Closest Approach (Shortest Distance) e-activity (Casio Classpad)

Vectors – Closest Approach (2D)

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